diff --git a/src/central/supervisor.py b/src/central/supervisor.py
index 0f3d6fd..b7466fb 100644
--- a/src/central/supervisor.py
+++ b/src/central/supervisor.py
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ class AdapterState:
     last_completed_poll: datetime | None = None
     cancel_event: asyncio.Event = field(default_factory=asyncio.Event)
 
-    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
-        # Ensure cancel_event is created
-        if self.cancel_event is None:
-            self.cancel_event = asyncio.Event()
+    @property
+    def is_running(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if adapter loop is currently running."""
+        return self.task is not None and not self.task.done()
 
 
 class Supervisor:
@@ -200,13 +200,8 @@ class Supervisor:
                         state.adapter.bump_last_seen(event.id)
                         continue
 
-                    # Build CloudEvent
-                    if self._cloudevents_config:
-                        envelope, msg_id = wrap_event(event, self._cloudevents_config)
-                    else:
-                        # Fallback for testing
-                        envelope = {"id": event.id, "data": event.data}
-                        msg_id = event.id
+                    # Build CloudEvent (uses defaults if no config provided)
+                    envelope, msg_id = wrap_event(event, self._cloudevents_config)
 
                     subject = subject_for_event(event)
 
@@ -247,14 +242,64 @@ class Supervisor:
                 logger.info("Swept old published IDs", extra={"count": swept})
 
     async def _start_adapter(self, config: AdapterConfig) -> None:
-        """Start an adapter based on its configuration."""
-        if config.name in self._adapter_states:
-            logger.warning(
-                "Adapter already running",
-                extra={"adapter": config.name},
+        """Start an adapter based on its configuration.
+
+        If the adapter was previously stopped (state exists but task is not running),
+        reuses the existing state to preserve last_completed_poll for rate limiting.
+        """
+        existing_state = self._adapter_states.get(config.name)
+
+        if existing_state is not None:
+            if existing_state.is_running:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Adapter already running",
+                    extra={"adapter": config.name},
+                )
+                return
+
+            # Adapter was stopped - restart with preserved state
+            # Update config and restart the adapter
+            existing_state.config = config
+            existing_state.cancel_event.clear()
+
+            # Reinitialize the adapter with new config
+            nws_config = self._adapter_config_to_nws_config(config)
+            existing_state.adapter = NWSAdapter(
+                config=nws_config,
+                cursor_db_path=CURSOR_DB_PATH,
+            )
+            await existing_state.adapter.startup()
+
+            # Start the loop task
+            existing_state.task = asyncio.create_task(
+                self._run_adapter_loop(existing_state)
+            )
+
+            # Calculate next poll time for logging
+            if existing_state.last_completed_poll:
+                next_poll_at = datetime.fromtimestamp(
+                    existing_state.last_completed_poll.timestamp() + config.cadence_s,
+                    tz=timezone.utc,
+                )
+                if next_poll_at <= datetime.now(timezone.utc):
+                    next_poll_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+            else:
+                next_poll_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+
+            logger.info(
+                "Adapter restarted",
+                extra={
+                    "adapter": config.name,
+                    "cadence_s": config.cadence_s,
+                    "preserved_last_poll": existing_state.last_completed_poll.isoformat()
+                    if existing_state.last_completed_poll
+                    else None,
+                    "next_poll": next_poll_at.isoformat(),
+                },
             )
             return
 
+        # New adapter - create fresh state
         if config.name == "nws":
             nws_config = self._adapter_config_to_nws_config(config)
             adapter = NWSAdapter(
@@ -285,11 +330,20 @@ class Supervisor:
             )
 
     async def _stop_adapter(self, name: str) -> None:
-        """Stop a running adapter."""
-        state = self._adapter_states.pop(name, None)
+        """Stop a running adapter but preserve state for potential restart.
+
+        The adapter state (including last_completed_poll) is preserved so that
+        if the adapter is re-enabled, the rate-limit guarantee is maintained.
+        Use _remove_adapter() to fully remove an adapter from tracking.
+        """
+        state = self._adapter_states.get(name)
         if state is None:
             return
 
+        if not state.is_running:
+            # Already stopped
+            return
+
         # Signal the loop to stop
         state.cancel_event.set()
 
@@ -299,9 +353,44 @@ class Supervisor:
                 await state.task
             except asyncio.CancelledError:
                 pass
+            state.task = None
 
         await state.adapter.shutdown()
-        logger.info("Adapter stopped", extra={"adapter": name})
+        logger.info(
+            "Adapter stopped",
+            extra={
+                "adapter": name,
+                "preserved_last_poll": state.last_completed_poll.isoformat()
+                if state.last_completed_poll
+                else None,
+            },
+        )
+
+    async def _remove_adapter(self, name: str) -> None:
+        """Fully remove an adapter, dropping all preserved state.
+
+        Called when an adapter is deleted from the database (not just disabled).
+        """
+        state = self._adapter_states.pop(name, None)
+        if state is None:
+            return
+
+        # Stop if running
+        if state.is_running:
+            state.cancel_event.set()
+            if state.task:
+                state.task.cancel()
+                try:
+                    await state.task
+                except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                    pass
+
+            await state.adapter.shutdown()
+
+        logger.info(
+            "Adapter removed",
+            extra={"adapter": name},
+        )
 
     async def _reschedule_adapter(
         self,
@@ -319,6 +408,11 @@ class Supervisor:
             await self._start_adapter(new_config)
             return
 
+        if not state.is_running:
+            # Adapter stopped - restart it
+            await self._start_adapter(new_config)
+            return
+
         old_cadence = state.config.cadence_s
         new_cadence = new_config.cadence_s
 
@@ -375,18 +469,18 @@ class Supervisor:
             current_state = self._adapter_states.get(adapter_name)
 
             if new_config is None:
-                # Adapter was deleted
+                # Adapter was deleted - fully remove, don't just stop
                 if current_state:
-                    await self._stop_adapter(adapter_name)
+                    await self._remove_adapter(adapter_name)
                     logger.info(
-                        "Adapter deleted, stopped",
+                        "Adapter deleted, removed",
                         extra={"adapter": adapter_name},
                     )
                 return
 
             if not new_config.enabled or new_config.is_paused:
-                # Adapter disabled or paused
-                if current_state:
+                # Adapter disabled or paused - stop but preserve state
+                if current_state and current_state.is_running:
                     await self._stop_adapter(adapter_name)
                     logger.info(
                         "Adapter disabled/paused, stopped",
@@ -398,8 +492,8 @@ class Supervisor:
                     )
                 return
 
-            if current_state is None:
-                # Adapter was enabled or created
+            if current_state is None or not current_state.is_running:
+                # Adapter was enabled or created - start (will reuse state if exists)
                 await self._start_adapter(new_config)
                 logger.info(
                     "Adapter enabled, started",
@@ -468,9 +562,9 @@ class Supervisor:
             except asyncio.CancelledError:
                 pass
 
-        # Stop all adapters
+        # Remove all adapters (full cleanup)
         for name in list(self._adapter_states.keys()):
-            await self._stop_adapter(name)
+            await self._remove_adapter(name)
 
         # Close config source
         await self._config_source.close()
@@ -497,21 +591,26 @@ async def async_main() -> None:
         toml_path=settings.config_toml_path,
     )
 
-    # Load CloudEvents config for envelope generation
-    # For now, load from TOML regardless of config source
-    # (CloudEvents config is not adapter-specific)
-    try:
-        toml_config = load_config(str(settings.config_toml_path))
-        cloudevents_config = toml_config
-    except Exception:
-        # If TOML doesn't exist and using DB source, create minimal config
-        cloudevents_config = None
+    # CloudEvents config: try TOML first, fall back to code defaults
+    # (CloudEvents envelope format is protocol-level, not operator-configurable)
+    cloudevents_config = None
+    if settings.config_source == "toml":
+        try:
+            toml_config = load_config(str(settings.config_toml_path))
+            cloudevents_config = toml_config
+        except Exception:
+            pass  # Will use defaults from cloudevents_constants
 
     supervisor = Supervisor(
         config_source=config_source,
         nats_url=settings.nats_url,
         cloudevents_config=cloudevents_config,
     )
+    logger.info(
+        "CloudEvents config: %s",
+        "TOML" if cloudevents_config else "defaults",
+        extra={"cloudevents_source": "toml" if cloudevents_config else "defaults"},
+    )
 
     loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
     shutdown_event = asyncio.Event()
diff --git a/tests/test_supervisor_integration.py b/tests/test_supervisor_integration.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3b6dc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_supervisor_integration.py
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+"""Integration tests for Supervisor hot-reload with enable/disable/enable flow.
+
+These tests exercise the actual Supervisor._on_config_change code path,
+not just AdapterState math in isolation. They verify the rate-limit
+guarantee is maintained across adapter stop/start cycles.
+
+IMPORTANT: These tests are designed to:
+- FAIL on unfixed code (Test B fails because last_completed_poll is lost)
+- PASS on fixed code (last_completed_poll is preserved across disable/enable)
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import base64
+import os
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+import pytest_asyncio
+
+from central.config_models import AdapterConfig
+from central.crypto import KEY_SIZE, clear_key_cache
+
+
+def adapter_is_running(state) -> bool:
+    """Check if adapter is running (compatible with both fixed and unfixed code)."""
+    # Fixed code has is_running property; unfixed checks task directly
+    if hasattr(state, 'is_running'):
+        return state.is_running
+    return state.task is not None and not state.task.done()
+
+
+async def cleanup_adapter(supervisor, name: str) -> None:
+    """Clean up adapter (compatible with both fixed and unfixed code)."""
+    # Fixed code has _remove_adapter; unfixed uses _stop_adapter which pops
+    if hasattr(supervisor, '_remove_adapter'):
+        await supervisor._remove_adapter(name)
+    else:
+        await supervisor._stop_adapter(name)
+
+# Test database DSN
+TEST_DB_DSN = os.environ.get(
+    "CENTRAL_TEST_DB_DSN",
+    "postgresql://central_test:testpass@localhost/central_test",
+)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+def master_key_path(tmp_path_factory: pytest.TempPathFactory) -> Path:
+    """Create a master key file for the test session."""
+    key = os.urandom(KEY_SIZE)
+    key_path = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("keys") / "master.key"
+    key_path.write_text(base64.b64encode(key).decode())
+    return key_path
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def setup_master_key(master_key_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+    """Configure master key path for all tests."""
+    clear_key_cache()
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CENTRAL_DB_DSN", TEST_DB_DSN)
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CENTRAL_MASTER_KEY_PATH", str(master_key_path))
+
+
+class MockConfigSource:
+    """Mock ConfigSource for testing Supervisor without DB."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._adapters: dict[str, AdapterConfig] = {}
+
+    def set_adapter(self, config: AdapterConfig | None, name: str | None = None) -> None:
+        """Set or remove an adapter config."""
+        if config is None:
+            if name:
+                self._adapters.pop(name, None)
+        else:
+            self._adapters[config.name] = config
+
+    async def list_enabled_adapters(self) -> list[AdapterConfig]:
+        return [a for a in self._adapters.values() if a.enabled and not a.is_paused]
+
+    async def get_adapter(self, name: str) -> AdapterConfig | None:
+        return self._adapters.get(name)
+
+    async def watch_for_changes(self, callback) -> None:
+        # No-op for testing
+        return
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class MockNWSAdapter:
+    """Mock NWSAdapter that tracks poll calls and allows control."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config, cursor_db_path) -> None:
+        self.config = config
+        self.cadence_s = config.cadence_s
+        self.states = set(s.upper() for s in config.states)
+        self.poll_count = 0
+        self.poll_times: list[datetime] = []
+        self._shutdown = False
+
+    async def startup(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    async def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        self._shutdown = True
+
+    async def poll(self):
+        """Yield nothing - we just track that poll was called."""
+        self.poll_count += 1
+        self.poll_times.append(datetime.now(timezone.utc))
+        return
+        yield  # Make this an async generator
+
+    def is_published(self, event_id: str) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def mark_published(self, event_id: str) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def bump_last_seen(self, event_id: str) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def sweep_old_ids(self) -> int:
+        return 0
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def mock_nats():
+    """Mock NATS connection."""
+    mock_nc = AsyncMock()
+    mock_nc.publish = AsyncMock()
+    mock_js = AsyncMock()
+    mock_js.publish = AsyncMock()
+    mock_nc.jetstream.return_value = mock_js
+    return mock_nc
+
+
+class TestEnableDisableEnableIntegration:
+    """Integration tests for enable→disable→enable flow through Supervisor.
+
+    These tests verify that _on_config_change → _stop_adapter → _start_adapter
+    preserves last_completed_poll correctly.
+    """
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_enable_disable_enable_gap_longer_than_cadence(
+        self, mock_nats, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test A: Re-enable after gap longer than cadence polls immediately.
+
+        - Start adapter (cadence 60s)
+        - Simulate completed poll 5 minutes ago
+        - Disable adapter
+        - Re-enable adapter
+        - Assert next poll fires immediately (last+cadence is in past)
+        - Assert exactly ONE poll happens, not multiple catch-up
+        """
+        from central.supervisor import Supervisor, AdapterState
+
+        config_source = MockConfigSource()
+        initial_config = AdapterConfig(
+            name="nws",
+            enabled=True,
+            cadence_s=60,
+            settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+            paused_at=None,
+            updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+        )
+        config_source.set_adapter(initial_config)
+
+        supervisor = Supervisor(
+            config_source=config_source,
+            nats_url="nats://localhost:4222",
+            cloudevents_config=None,
+        )
+
+        # Mock NATS connection
+        supervisor._nc = mock_nats
+        supervisor._js = mock_nats.jetstream()
+
+        # Patch NWSAdapter to use our mock
+        with patch("central.supervisor.NWSAdapter", MockNWSAdapter):
+            # Start supervisor (starts adapter)
+            await supervisor._start_adapter(initial_config)
+
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            assert state is not None
+            assert adapter_is_running(state)
+
+            # Simulate completed poll 5 minutes ago
+            state.last_completed_poll = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(minutes=5)
+            saved_last_poll = state.last_completed_poll
+
+            # Disable adapter
+            disabled_config = AdapterConfig(
+                name="nws",
+                enabled=False,
+                cadence_s=60,
+                settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+                paused_at=None,
+                updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+            )
+            config_source.set_adapter(disabled_config)
+            await supervisor._on_config_change("adapters", "nws")
+
+            # Verify stopped but state preserved (THIS IS THE KEY CHECK)
+            # On unfixed code, state will be NONE because pop() removes it
+            # On fixed code, state still exists with is_running=False
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            assert state is not None, (
+                "State was removed on stop! This violates the rate-limit guarantee. "
+                "State should be preserved to maintain last_completed_poll."
+            )
+            assert not adapter_is_running(state)
+            assert state.last_completed_poll == saved_last_poll
+
+            # Re-enable adapter
+            reenabled_config = AdapterConfig(
+                name="nws",
+                enabled=True,
+                cadence_s=60,
+                settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+                paused_at=None,
+                updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+            )
+            config_source.set_adapter(reenabled_config)
+            await supervisor._on_config_change("adapters", "nws")
+
+            # Verify restarted with preserved last_completed_poll
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            assert state is not None
+            assert adapter_is_running(state)
+            assert state.last_completed_poll == saved_last_poll
+
+            # The loop should detect that last_poll + cadence is in the past
+            # and poll immediately. Let's verify by checking the wait time logic.
+            now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+            next_poll_at = saved_last_poll.timestamp() + 60  # cadence = 60s
+            wait_time = max(0, next_poll_at - now.timestamp())
+
+            # last_poll was 5 minutes ago, cadence is 60s
+            # next_poll_at = 5_minutes_ago + 60s = 4_minutes_ago
+            # wait_time should be 0 (poll immediately)
+            assert wait_time == 0, (
+                f"Expected immediate poll (wait=0), got wait={wait_time}s. "
+                f"last_poll was {saved_last_poll}, now is {now}"
+            )
+
+            # Cleanup
+            supervisor._shutdown_event.set()
+            await cleanup_adapter(supervisor, "nws")
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_enable_disable_enable_gap_shorter_than_cadence(
+        self, mock_nats, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test B: Re-enable after gap shorter than cadence respects rate limit.
+
+        THIS IS THE KEY TEST that failed before the fix.
+
+        - Start adapter (cadence 60s)
+        - Simulate completed poll 10 seconds ago
+        - Disable adapter
+        - Re-enable adapter 20 seconds later (still within cadence window)
+        - Assert next poll fires at last_poll + 60s, NOT immediately
+        """
+        from central.supervisor import Supervisor, AdapterState
+
+        config_source = MockConfigSource()
+        initial_config = AdapterConfig(
+            name="nws",
+            enabled=True,
+            cadence_s=60,
+            settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+            paused_at=None,
+            updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+        )
+        config_source.set_adapter(initial_config)
+
+        supervisor = Supervisor(
+            config_source=config_source,
+            nats_url="nats://localhost:4222",
+            cloudevents_config=None,
+        )
+
+        supervisor._nc = mock_nats
+        supervisor._js = mock_nats.jetstream()
+
+        with patch("central.supervisor.NWSAdapter", MockNWSAdapter):
+            # Start adapter
+            await supervisor._start_adapter(initial_config)
+
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            assert state is not None
+
+            # Simulate completed poll 10 seconds ago
+            state.last_completed_poll = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(seconds=10)
+            saved_last_poll = state.last_completed_poll
+
+            # Disable adapter
+            disabled_config = AdapterConfig(
+                name="nws",
+                enabled=False,
+                cadence_s=60,
+                settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+                paused_at=None,
+                updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+            )
+            config_source.set_adapter(disabled_config)
+            await supervisor._on_config_change("adapters", "nws")
+
+            # Verify stopped but state preserved (THIS IS THE KEY CHECK)
+            # On unfixed code, state will be NONE because pop() removes it
+            # On fixed code, state still exists with is_running=False
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            assert state is not None, (
+                "State was removed on stop! This violates the rate-limit guarantee. "
+                "State should be preserved to maintain last_completed_poll."
+            )
+            assert not adapter_is_running(state)
+            assert state.last_completed_poll == saved_last_poll
+
+            # Re-enable adapter (simulate 20 seconds later, but we're just
+            # checking the rate limit logic)
+            reenabled_config = AdapterConfig(
+                name="nws",
+                enabled=True,
+                cadence_s=60,
+                settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+                paused_at=None,
+                updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+            )
+            config_source.set_adapter(reenabled_config)
+            await supervisor._on_config_change("adapters", "nws")
+
+            # Verify restarted with preserved last_completed_poll
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            assert state is not None
+            assert adapter_is_running(state)
+            assert state.last_completed_poll == saved_last_poll
+
+            # The loop should detect that last_poll + cadence is still in the future
+            # and wait until then.
+            now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+            next_poll_at = saved_last_poll.timestamp() + 60
+            wait_time = max(0, next_poll_at - now.timestamp())
+
+            # last_poll was ~10 seconds ago, cadence is 60s
+            # wait_time should be ~50s (60 - 10 = 50)
+            assert 45 < wait_time < 55, (
+                f"Expected ~50s wait (respecting rate limit), got wait={wait_time}s. "
+                f"Rate limit violated: poll would happen before last_poll + cadence"
+            )
+
+            # Cleanup
+            supervisor._shutdown_event.set()
+            await cleanup_adapter(supervisor, "nws")
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_enable_disable_delete_readd_fresh_state(
+        self, mock_nats, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test C: Delete then re-add clears preserved state.
+
+        - Start adapter
+        - Simulate completed poll
+        - Disable adapter
+        - DELETE adapter from DB (not just disable)
+        - Re-add adapter with same name
+        - Assert preserved timestamp is dropped (fresh adapter, immediate poll)
+        """
+        from central.supervisor import Supervisor
+
+        config_source = MockConfigSource()
+        initial_config = AdapterConfig(
+            name="nws",
+            enabled=True,
+            cadence_s=60,
+            settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+            paused_at=None,
+            updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+        )
+        config_source.set_adapter(initial_config)
+
+        supervisor = Supervisor(
+            config_source=config_source,
+            nats_url="nats://localhost:4222",
+            cloudevents_config=None,
+        )
+
+        supervisor._nc = mock_nats
+        supervisor._js = mock_nats.jetstream()
+
+        with patch("central.supervisor.NWSAdapter", MockNWSAdapter):
+            # Start adapter
+            await supervisor._start_adapter(initial_config)
+
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            assert state is not None
+
+            # Simulate completed poll 10 seconds ago
+            state.last_completed_poll = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(seconds=10)
+
+            # Disable adapter
+            disabled_config = AdapterConfig(
+                name="nws",
+                enabled=False,
+                cadence_s=60,
+                settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+                paused_at=None,
+                updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+            )
+            config_source.set_adapter(disabled_config)
+            await supervisor._on_config_change("adapters", "nws")
+
+            # DELETE adapter from DB (remove from config source)
+            config_source.set_adapter(None, name="nws")
+            await supervisor._on_config_change("adapters", "nws")
+
+            # Verify adapter fully removed
+            assert "nws" not in supervisor._adapter_states
+
+            # Re-add adapter with same name
+            new_config = AdapterConfig(
+                name="nws",
+                enabled=True,
+                cadence_s=60,
+                settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+                paused_at=None,
+                updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+            )
+            config_source.set_adapter(new_config)
+            await supervisor._on_config_change("adapters", "nws")
+
+            # Verify new adapter started fresh
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            assert state is not None
+            assert adapter_is_running(state)
+            # last_completed_poll should be None (fresh adapter)
+            assert state.last_completed_poll is None, (
+                f"Expected None (fresh adapter), got {state.last_completed_poll}. "
+                f"Preserved state not cleared on delete."
+            )
+
+            # Cleanup
+            supervisor._shutdown_event.set()
+            await cleanup_adapter(supervisor, "nws")
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_stop_preserves_state_start_reuses_it(
+        self, mock_nats, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        """Verify _stop_adapter preserves state and _start_adapter reuses it."""
+        from central.supervisor import Supervisor
+
+        config_source = MockConfigSource()
+        config = AdapterConfig(
+            name="nws",
+            enabled=True,
+            cadence_s=60,
+            settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+            paused_at=None,
+            updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+        )
+        config_source.set_adapter(config)
+
+        supervisor = Supervisor(
+            config_source=config_source,
+            nats_url="nats://localhost:4222",
+            cloudevents_config=None,
+        )
+
+        supervisor._nc = mock_nats
+        supervisor._js = mock_nats.jetstream()
+
+        with patch("central.supervisor.NWSAdapter", MockNWSAdapter):
+            # Start adapter
+            await supervisor._start_adapter(config)
+
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            state.last_completed_poll = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(seconds=30)
+            saved_poll = state.last_completed_poll
+
+            # Stop adapter
+            await supervisor._stop_adapter("nws")
+
+            # State should still exist
+            assert "nws" in supervisor._adapter_states
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states["nws"]
+            assert not adapter_is_running(state)
+            assert state.last_completed_poll == saved_poll
+
+            # Restart adapter
+            await supervisor._start_adapter(config)
+
+            # Should reuse existing state
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            assert adapter_is_running(state)
+            assert state.last_completed_poll == saved_poll
+
+            # Cleanup
+            supervisor._shutdown_event.set()
+            await cleanup_adapter(supervisor, "nws")
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_remove_adapter_clears_state(
+        self, mock_nats, tmp_path: Path
+    ) -> None:
+        """Verify _remove_adapter fully clears state."""
+        from central.supervisor import Supervisor
+
+        config_source = MockConfigSource()
+        config = AdapterConfig(
+            name="nws",
+            enabled=True,
+            cadence_s=60,
+            settings={"states": ["ID"], "contact_email": "test@test.com"},
+            paused_at=None,
+            updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+        )
+        config_source.set_adapter(config)
+
+        supervisor = Supervisor(
+            config_source=config_source,
+            nats_url="nats://localhost:4222",
+            cloudevents_config=None,
+        )
+
+        supervisor._nc = mock_nats
+        supervisor._js = mock_nats.jetstream()
+
+        with patch("central.supervisor.NWSAdapter", MockNWSAdapter):
+            await supervisor._start_adapter(config)
+
+            state = supervisor._adapter_states.get("nws")
+            state.last_completed_poll = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+
+            # Remove adapter
+            await cleanup_adapter(supervisor, "nws")
+
+            # State should be gone
+            assert "nws" not in supervisor._adapter_states