diff --git a/src/central/adapters/firms.py b/src/central/adapters/firms.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de3603c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/central/adapters/firms.py
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+"""FIRMS (Fire Information for Resource Management System) adapter."""
+
+import csv
+import logging
+import sqlite3
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from io import StringIO
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+import aiohttp
+from tenacity import (
+    retry,
+    stop_after_attempt,
+    wait_exponential_jitter,
+    retry_if_exception_type,
+)
+
+from central.adapter import SourceAdapter
+from central.config_models import AdapterConfig, RegionConfig
+from central.config_store import ConfigStore
+from central.models import Event, Geo
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# FIRMS API base URL
+FIRMS_API_BASE = "https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/api/area/csv"
+
+# Satellite name mapping
+SATELLITE_SHORT = {
+    "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT": "viirs_snpp",
+    "VIIRS_NOAA20_NRT": "viirs_noaa20",
+    "VIIRS_NOAA21_NRT": "viirs_noaa21",
+}
+
+# Confidence mapping
+CONFIDENCE_MAP = {
+    "l": "low",
+    "n": "nominal",
+    "h": "high",
+}
+
+# Severity mapping (confidence -> severity level)
+SEVERITY_MAP = {
+    "high": 3,
+    "nominal": 2,
+    "low": 1,
+}
+
+
+class FIRMSAdapter(SourceAdapter):
+    """NASA FIRMS fire hotspot adapter."""
+
+    name = "firms"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: AdapterConfig,
+        config_store: ConfigStore,
+        cursor_db_path: Path,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._config_store = config_store
+        self._cursor_db_path = cursor_db_path
+        self._session: aiohttp.ClientSession | None = None
+        self._db: sqlite3.Connection | None = None
+        self._api_key: str | None = None
+
+        # Extract settings from config
+        self._api_key_alias: str = config.settings.get("api_key_alias", "firms")
+        self._satellites: list[str] = config.settings.get(
+            "satellites", ["VIIRS_SNPP_NRT", "VIIRS_NOAA20_NRT"]
+        )
+
+        # Parse region from settings
+        region_dict = config.settings.get("region")
+        if region_dict:
+            self.region: RegionConfig | None = RegionConfig(**region_dict)
+        else:
+            self.region = None
+
+    async def apply_config(self, new_config: AdapterConfig) -> None:
+        """Apply new configuration from hot-reload."""
+        old_alias = self._api_key_alias
+
+        # Update settings
+        self._api_key_alias = new_config.settings.get("api_key_alias", "firms")
+        self._satellites = new_config.settings.get(
+            "satellites", ["VIIRS_SNPP_NRT", "VIIRS_NOAA20_NRT"]
+        )
+
+        # Update region
+        region_dict = new_config.settings.get("region")
+        if region_dict:
+            self.region = RegionConfig(**region_dict)
+        else:
+            self.region = None
+
+        # If API key alias changed, re-fetch the key
+        if self._api_key_alias != old_alias:
+            self._api_key = await self._config_store.get_api_key(self._api_key_alias)
+            if self._api_key:
+                logger.info("FIRMS API key reloaded", extra={"alias": self._api_key_alias})
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "FIRMS API key not found after alias change",
+                    extra={"alias": self._api_key_alias},
+                )
+
+        logger.info(
+            "FIRMS config applied",
+            extra={
+                "region": region_dict,
+                "satellites": self._satellites,
+                "api_key_alias": self._api_key_alias,
+            },
+        )
+
+    async def startup(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize HTTP session, dedup tracker, and fetch API key."""
+        # Fetch API key
+        self._api_key = await self._config_store.get_api_key(self._api_key_alias)
+        if not self._api_key:
+            logger.error(
+                "FIRMS API key not found - polling will be skipped until key is set",
+                extra={"alias": self._api_key_alias},
+            )
+
+        # Initialize HTTP session
+        self._session = aiohttp.ClientSession(
+            timeout=aiohttp.ClientTimeout(total=60),
+        )
+
+        # Initialize dedup tracker (shared sqlite DB with NWS)
+        self._db = sqlite3.connect(str(self._cursor_db_path))
+        self._db.execute("""
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS published_ids (
+                adapter TEXT NOT NULL,
+                event_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+                first_seen TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+                last_seen TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+                PRIMARY KEY (adapter, event_id)
+            )
+        """)
+        self._db.execute("""
+            CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS published_ids_last_seen
+            ON published_ids (last_seen)
+        """)
+        self._db.commit()
+
+        # Sweep old entries on startup (48h for FIRMS)
+        self._sweep_old_ids()
+
+        logger.info(
+            "FIRMS adapter started",
+            extra={
+                "region": {
+                    "north": self.region.north,
+                    "south": self.region.south,
+                    "east": self.region.east,
+                    "west": self.region.west,
+                } if self.region else None,
+                "satellites": self._satellites,
+                "api_key_present": self._api_key is not None,
+            },
+        )
+
+    async def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """Close HTTP session and database."""
+        if self._session:
+            await self._session.close()
+            self._session = None
+        if self._db:
+            self._db.close()
+            self._db = None
+        logger.info("FIRMS adapter shut down")
+
+    def _is_published(self, stable_id: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if an event has already been published."""
+        if not self._db:
+            return False
+        cur = self._db.execute(
+            "SELECT 1 FROM published_ids WHERE adapter = ? AND event_id = ?",
+            (self.name, stable_id),
+        )
+        return cur.fetchone() is not None
+
+    def _mark_published(self, stable_id: str) -> None:
+        """Mark an event as published."""
+        if not self._db:
+            return
+        self._db.execute(
+            """
+            INSERT INTO published_ids (adapter, event_id, first_seen, last_seen)
+            VALUES (?, ?, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
+            ON CONFLICT (adapter, event_id) DO UPDATE SET
+                last_seen = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+            """,
+            (self.name, stable_id),
+        )
+        self._db.commit()
+
+    def _sweep_old_ids(self) -> int:
+        """Remove published_ids older than 48 hours. Returns count deleted."""
+        if not self._db:
+            return 0
+        cur = self._db.execute(
+            "DELETE FROM published_ids WHERE adapter = ? AND last_seen < datetime('now', '-48 hours')",
+            (self.name,),
+        )
+        self._db.commit()
+        count = cur.rowcount
+        if count > 0:
+            logger.info("FIRMS swept old dedup entries", extra={"count": count})
+        return count
+
+    def _build_stable_id(
+        self, satellite: str, acq_date: str, acq_time: str, lat: float, lon: float
+    ) -> str:
+        """Build stable ID for deduplication."""
+        # Round lat/lon to 0.001 degrees to handle floating-point comparison
+        lat_rounded = round(lat, 3)
+        lon_rounded = round(lon, 3)
+        return f"{satellite}:{acq_date}:{acq_time}:{lat_rounded}:{lon_rounded}"
+
+    def _build_url(self, satellite: str) -> str | None:
+        """Build FIRMS API URL for a satellite."""
+        if not self._api_key or not self.region:
+            return None
+
+        # Area format: west,south,east,north
+        area = f"{self.region.west},{self.region.south},{self.region.east},{self.region.north}"
+        return f"{FIRMS_API_BASE}/{self._api_key}/{satellite}/{area}/1"
+
+    @retry(
+        stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
+        wait=wait_exponential_jitter(initial=2, max=30),
+        retry=retry_if_exception_type((aiohttp.ClientError,)),
+        reraise=True,
+    )
+    async def _fetch_csv(self, url: str) -> str:
+        """Fetch CSV data from FIRMS API."""
+        if not self._session:
+            raise RuntimeError("Session not initialized")
+
+        async with self._session.get(url) as resp:
+            # Check for error responses
+            content_type = resp.headers.get("Content-Type", "")
+            if "text/html" in content_type:
+                text = await resp.text()
+                logger.error(
+                    "FIRMS returned HTML (likely auth error)",
+                    extra={"status": resp.status, "preview": text[:200]},
+                )
+                raise ValueError("FIRMS returned HTML instead of CSV")
+
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            return await resp.text()
+
+    def _parse_csv(self, csv_text: str, satellite: str) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Parse FIRMS CSV response into list of dicts."""
+        rows = []
+        reader = csv.DictReader(StringIO(csv_text))
+
+        for row in reader:
+            try:
+                # Parse required fields
+                lat = float(row["latitude"])
+                lon = float(row["longitude"])
+                acq_date = row["acq_date"]
+                acq_time = row["acq_time"]
+                confidence_raw = row.get("confidence", "n").lower()
+                confidence = CONFIDENCE_MAP.get(confidence_raw, "nominal")
+
+                rows.append({
+                    "latitude": lat,
+                    "longitude": lon,
+                    "bright_ti4": float(row.get("bright_ti4", 0)) if row.get("bright_ti4") else None,
+                    "bright_ti5": float(row.get("bright_ti5", 0)) if row.get("bright_ti5") else None,
+                    "scan": float(row.get("scan", 0)) if row.get("scan") else None,
+                    "track": float(row.get("track", 0)) if row.get("track") else None,
+                    "acq_date": acq_date,
+                    "acq_time": acq_time,
+                    "satellite": row.get("satellite", satellite),
+                    "instrument": row.get("instrument", "VIIRS"),
+                    "confidence": confidence,
+                    "confidence_raw": confidence_raw,
+                    "version": row.get("version", ""),
+                    "frp": float(row.get("frp", 0)) if row.get("frp") else None,
+                    "daynight": row.get("daynight", ""),
+                })
+            except (KeyError, ValueError) as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Failed to parse FIRMS row",
+                    extra={"error": str(e), "row": dict(row)},
+                )
+                continue
+
+        return rows
+
+    def _row_to_event(self, row: dict[str, Any], satellite: str) -> Event:
+        """Convert a parsed CSV row to an Event."""
+        satellite_short = SATELLITE_SHORT.get(satellite, satellite.lower().replace("_nrt", ""))
+        confidence = row["confidence"]
+        severity = SEVERITY_MAP.get(confidence, 1)
+
+        # Parse acquisition time
+        acq_date = row["acq_date"]
+        acq_time = row["acq_time"]
+        # acq_time is HHMM format
+        try:
+            time = datetime.strptime(
+                f"{acq_date} {acq_time}", "%Y-%m-%d %H%M"
+            ).replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        except ValueError:
+            time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+
+        lat = row["latitude"]
+        lon = row["longitude"]
+
+        # Build stable ID
+        stable_id = self._build_stable_id(satellite, acq_date, acq_time, lat, lon)
+
+        geo = Geo(
+            centroid=(lon, lat),  # GeoJSON order: lon, lat
+            bbox=(lon, lat, lon, lat),  # Point bbox
+            regions=[],
+            primary_region=None,
+        )
+
+        return Event(
+            id=stable_id,
+            source="central/adapters/firms",
+            category=f"fire.hotspot.{satellite_short}.{confidence}",
+            time=time,
+            expires=None,
+            severity=severity,
+            geo=geo,
+            data=row,
+        )
+
+    async def poll(self) -> AsyncIterator[Event]:
+        """Poll FIRMS API for fire hotspots."""
+        # Check API key
+        if not self._api_key:
+            # Try to fetch again in case it was added
+            self._api_key = await self._config_store.get_api_key(self._api_key_alias)
+            if not self._api_key:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "FIRMS API key still not available, skipping poll",
+                    extra={"alias": self._api_key_alias},
+                )
+                return
+
+        if not self.region:
+            logger.warning("FIRMS region not configured, skipping poll")
+            return
+
+        # Sweep old dedup entries periodically
+        self._sweep_old_ids()
+
+        total_features = 0
+        total_new = 0
+
+        for satellite in self._satellites:
+            url = self._build_url(satellite)
+            if not url:
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                csv_text = await self._fetch_csv(url)
+                rows = self._parse_csv(csv_text, satellite)
+                feature_count = len(rows)
+                total_features += feature_count
+
+                new_count = 0
+                for row in rows:
+                    stable_id = self._build_stable_id(
+                        satellite,
+                        row["acq_date"],
+                        row["acq_time"],
+                        row["latitude"],
+                        row["longitude"],
+                    )
+
+                    if self._is_published(stable_id):
+                        continue
+
+                    event = self._row_to_event(row, satellite)
+                    yield event
+                    self._mark_published(stable_id)
+                    new_count += 1
+
+                total_new += new_count
+                logger.info(
+                    "FIRMS satellite poll completed",
+                    extra={
+                        "satellite": satellite,
+                        "feature_count": feature_count,
+                        "new_count": new_count,
+                    },
+                )
+
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(
+                    "FIRMS poll failed for satellite",
+                    extra={"satellite": satellite, "error": str(e)},
+                )
+                continue
+
+        logger.info(
+            "FIRMS poll completed",
+            extra={
+                "total_features": total_features,
+                "total_new": total_new,
+                "satellites": self._satellites,
+            },
+        )
+
+
+def subject_for_fire_hotspot(ev: Event) -> str:
+    """Compute the NATS subject for a fire hotspot event.
+
+    Subject format: central.fire.hotspot.<satellite>.<confidence>
+
+    The category already contains the satellite and confidence info,
+    so we just prefix with 'central.'.
+    """
+    # category is "fire.hotspot.<satellite>.<confidence>"
+    return f"central.{ev.category}"
diff --git a/tests/test_firms.py b/tests/test_firms.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb42251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_firms.py
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+"""Tests for FIRMS adapter."""
+
+import pytest
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+from pathlib import Path
+import tempfile
+
+from central.adapters.firms import (
+    FIRMSAdapter,
+    CONFIDENCE_MAP,
+    SATELLITE_SHORT,
+    subject_for_fire_hotspot,
+)
+from central.config_models import AdapterConfig, RegionConfig
+from central.models import Event, Geo
+
+
+# Sample FIRMS CSV response
+SAMPLE_CSV = """latitude,longitude,bright_ti4,scan,track,acq_date,acq_time,satellite,instrument,confidence,version,bright_ti5,frp,daynight
+45.123,-116.456,320.5,0.39,0.36,2026-05-16,1430,N,VIIRS,h,2.0NRT,290.2,15.3,D
+46.789,-117.012,305.2,0.41,0.38,2026-05-16,1430,N,VIIRS,n,2.0NRT,285.1,8.7,D
+45.123,-116.456,318.9,0.40,0.37,2026-05-16,1430,N,VIIRS,l,2.0NRT,288.5,12.1,D
+"""
+
+# Sample CSV with duplicate (same location, date, time)
+SAMPLE_CSV_WITH_DUPE = """latitude,longitude,bright_ti4,scan,track,acq_date,acq_time,satellite,instrument,confidence,version,bright_ti5,frp,daynight
+45.123,-116.456,320.5,0.39,0.36,2026-05-16,1430,N,VIIRS,h,2.0NRT,290.2,15.3,D
+45.123,-116.456,320.5,0.39,0.36,2026-05-16,1430,N,VIIRS,h,2.0NRT,290.2,15.3,D
+"""
+
+
+def make_adapter_config(
+    region: dict | None = None,
+    satellites: list[str] | None = None,
+) -> AdapterConfig:
+    """Create an AdapterConfig for testing."""
+    settings = {
+        "api_key_alias": "firms",
+        "satellites": satellites or ["VIIRS_SNPP_NRT", "VIIRS_NOAA20_NRT"],
+    }
+    if region:
+        settings["region"] = region
+    else:
+        settings["region"] = {
+            "north": 49.5,
+            "south": 31.0,
+            "east": -102.0,
+            "west": -124.5,
+        }
+
+    return AdapterConfig(
+        name="firms",
+        enabled=True,
+        cadence_s=300,
+        settings=settings,
+        updated_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def temp_db_path():
+    """Create a temporary database path for testing."""
+    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".db", delete=False) as f:
+        yield Path(f.name)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def mock_config_store():
+    """Create a mock ConfigStore."""
+    store = MagicMock()
+    store.get_api_key = AsyncMock(return_value="test_api_key")
+    return store
+
+
+class TestConfidenceMapping:
+    """Test confidence value mapping."""
+
+    def test_low_confidence(self):
+        assert CONFIDENCE_MAP["l"] == "low"
+
+    def test_nominal_confidence(self):
+        assert CONFIDENCE_MAP["n"] == "nominal"
+
+    def test_high_confidence(self):
+        assert CONFIDENCE_MAP["h"] == "high"
+
+
+class TestSatelliteShortNames:
+    """Test satellite short name mapping."""
+
+    def test_snpp_short_name(self):
+        assert SATELLITE_SHORT["VIIRS_SNPP_NRT"] == "viirs_snpp"
+
+    def test_noaa20_short_name(self):
+        assert SATELLITE_SHORT["VIIRS_NOAA20_NRT"] == "viirs_noaa20"
+
+    def test_noaa21_short_name(self):
+        assert SATELLITE_SHORT["VIIRS_NOAA21_NRT"] == "viirs_noaa21"
+
+
+class TestStableIdGeneration:
+    """Test stable ID generation for deduplication."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_stable_id_format(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        config = make_adapter_config()
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+
+        stable_id = adapter._build_stable_id(
+            satellite="VIIRS_SNPP_NRT",
+            acq_date="2026-05-16",
+            acq_time="1430",
+            lat=45.1234567,
+            lon=-116.4567890,
+        )
+
+        # Should be rounded to 3 decimal places
+        assert stable_id == "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT:2026-05-16:1430:45.123:-116.457"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_stable_id_rounding(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        """Test that small lat/lon differences within 0.001 round to same ID."""
+        config = make_adapter_config()
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+
+        # Values that differ by less than 0.0005 should round to same value
+        id1 = adapter._build_stable_id("SAT", "2026-05-16", "1430", 45.1234, -116.4564)
+        id2 = adapter._build_stable_id("SAT", "2026-05-16", "1430", 45.1232, -116.4562)
+
+        # Both should round to 45.124, -116.457
+        assert id1 == id2
+
+
+class TestCsvParsing:
+    """Test CSV parsing."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_parse_csv_rows(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        config = make_adapter_config()
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+
+        rows = adapter._parse_csv(SAMPLE_CSV, "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+
+        assert len(rows) == 3
+        assert rows[0]["latitude"] == 45.123
+        assert rows[0]["longitude"] == -116.456
+        assert rows[0]["confidence"] == "high"
+        assert rows[1]["confidence"] == "nominal"
+        assert rows[2]["confidence"] == "low"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_parse_csv_brightness(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        config = make_adapter_config()
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+
+        rows = adapter._parse_csv(SAMPLE_CSV, "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+
+        assert rows[0]["bright_ti4"] == 320.5
+        assert rows[0]["bright_ti5"] == 290.2
+        assert rows[0]["frp"] == 15.3
+
+
+class TestEventGeneration:
+    """Test Event generation from CSV rows."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_event_category(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        config = make_adapter_config()
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+
+        rows = adapter._parse_csv(SAMPLE_CSV, "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+        event = adapter._row_to_event(rows[0], "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+
+        assert event.category == "fire.hotspot.viirs_snpp.high"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_event_severity(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        config = make_adapter_config()
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+
+        rows = adapter._parse_csv(SAMPLE_CSV, "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+
+        high_event = adapter._row_to_event(rows[0], "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+        nominal_event = adapter._row_to_event(rows[1], "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+        low_event = adapter._row_to_event(rows[2], "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+
+        assert high_event.severity == 3
+        assert nominal_event.severity == 2
+        assert low_event.severity == 1
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_event_geo(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        config = make_adapter_config()
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+
+        rows = adapter._parse_csv(SAMPLE_CSV, "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+        event = adapter._row_to_event(rows[0], "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+
+        # GeoJSON order: lon, lat
+        assert event.geo.centroid == (-116.456, 45.123)
+        assert event.geo.bbox == (-116.456, 45.123, -116.456, 45.123)
+
+
+class TestDeduplication:
+    """Test deduplication logic."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_dedup_marks_published(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        config = make_adapter_config()
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+        await adapter.startup()
+
+        stable_id = "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT:2026-05-16:1430:45.123:-116.456"
+
+        # Not published initially
+        assert not adapter._is_published(stable_id)
+
+        # Mark as published
+        adapter._mark_published(stable_id)
+
+        # Now should be published
+        assert adapter._is_published(stable_id)
+
+        await adapter.shutdown()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_dedup_prevents_duplicates(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        """Test that duplicate rows don't produce duplicate events."""
+        # Use only one satellite to simplify the test
+        config = make_adapter_config(satellites=["VIIRS_SNPP_NRT"])
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+        await adapter.startup()
+
+        # Mock the fetch to return CSV with duplicates
+        with patch.object(adapter, "_fetch_csv", new_callable=AsyncMock) as mock_fetch:
+            mock_fetch.return_value = SAMPLE_CSV_WITH_DUPE
+
+            events = []
+            async for event in adapter.poll():
+                events.append(event)
+
+            # Should only get one event despite two identical rows
+            assert len(events) == 1
+
+        await adapter.shutdown()
+
+
+class TestSubjectGeneration:
+    """Test subject generation for fire hotspots."""
+
+    def test_subject_format(self):
+        event = Event(
+            id="test",
+            source="central/adapters/firms",
+            category="fire.hotspot.viirs_snpp.high",
+            time=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+            severity=3,
+            geo=Geo(centroid=(-116.0, 45.0)),
+            data={},
+        )
+
+        subject = subject_for_fire_hotspot(event)
+        assert subject == "central.fire.hotspot.viirs_snpp.high"
+
+    def test_subject_nominal_confidence(self):
+        event = Event(
+            id="test",
+            source="central/adapters/firms",
+            category="fire.hotspot.viirs_noaa20.nominal",
+            time=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+            severity=2,
+            geo=Geo(centroid=(-116.0, 45.0)),
+            data={},
+        )
+
+        subject = subject_for_fire_hotspot(event)
+        assert subject == "central.fire.hotspot.viirs_noaa20.nominal"
+
+
+class TestUrlBuilding:
+    """Test FIRMS API URL building."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_url_format(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        config = make_adapter_config(
+            region={"north": 49.5, "south": 31.0, "east": -102.0, "west": -124.5}
+        )
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+        await adapter.startup()
+
+        url = adapter._build_url("VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+
+        assert url is not None
+        assert "test_api_key" in url
+        assert "VIIRS_SNPP_NRT" in url
+        assert "-124.5,31.0,-102.0,49.5" in url  # west,south,east,north
+        assert "/1" in url  # dayRange
+
+        await adapter.shutdown()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_url_none_without_key(self, temp_db_path):
+        mock_store = MagicMock()
+        mock_store.get_api_key = AsyncMock(return_value=None)
+
+        config = make_adapter_config()
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+        await adapter.startup()
+
+        url = adapter._build_url("VIIRS_SNPP_NRT")
+
+        assert url is None
+
+        await adapter.shutdown()
+
+
+class TestApplyConfig:
+    """Test hot-reload configuration application."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_apply_config_updates_region(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        config = make_adapter_config(
+            region={"north": 49.5, "south": 31.0, "east": -102.0, "west": -124.5}
+        )
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+        await adapter.startup()
+
+        # Original region
+        assert adapter.region.north == 49.5
+
+        # Apply new config with different region
+        new_config = make_adapter_config(
+            region={"north": 48.0, "south": 45.0, "east": -115.0, "west": -125.0}
+        )
+        await adapter.apply_config(new_config)
+
+        assert adapter.region.north == 48.0
+        assert adapter.region.south == 45.0
+
+        await adapter.shutdown()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_apply_config_updates_satellites(self, temp_db_path, mock_config_store):
+        config = make_adapter_config(satellites=["VIIRS_SNPP_NRT", "VIIRS_NOAA20_NRT"])
+        adapter = FIRMSAdapter(
+            config=config,
+            config_store=mock_config_store,
+            cursor_db_path=temp_db_path,
+        )
+        await adapter.startup()
+
+        # Original satellites
+        assert len(adapter._satellites) == 2
+
+        # Apply config with single satellite
+        new_config = make_adapter_config(satellites=["VIIRS_NOAA20_NRT"])
+        await adapter.apply_config(new_config)
+
+        assert adapter._satellites == ["VIIRS_NOAA20_NRT"]
+
+        await adapter.shutdown()